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The Adequacy of Pharmacist Supply: 2004 to 2030

Footnotes

  1. The Pharmacist Workforce: A Study of the Supply and Demand for Pharmacists (Washington, D.C.: HRSA, Dec. 2000).
  2. Supply of Selected Health Workers: Adequacy of Pharmacy, Laboratory, and Radiology Workforce Supply Difficult to Determine.  (Washington, D.C.: GAO-02-137R, Oct. 2001).
  3. Senate Report 108-345.
  4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics for May 2005, estimate there are approximately 230,000 pharmacists employed in the United States.  Medical Marketing Service Inc’s list of pharmacists as of June 2005 contains approximately 247,000 pharmacists.  The estimate that 86 percent of licensed pharmacists are active comes from the Midwest Pharmacy Workforce Research Consortium (Mott et al.) report entitled Final Report of the National Sample Survey of the Pharmacist Workforce to Determine Contemporary Demographic and Practice Characteristics.  September 2005.
  5. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics for November 2004.
  6. The major dispensing settings modeled in this study include hospitals (non-government hospitals, HMO-operated pharmacy, government hospitals), independent pharmacies, chain drug stores (which includes supermarkets and mass merchandisers), mail order, other patient care (clinic pharmacies, home health, nursing homes), and non-patient care (industry, MCB/PBM, Armed Services, education, government, other).
  7. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Profile of Pharmacy Students (Fall 2005).
  8. Source: Based on discussions with the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP).
  9. Source: Estimates for 2007 and 2010 are based on personal communication with Lucinda Maine, AACP.
  10. Bruskiewitz MS, DeMuth J.  Availability and Acceptability of Distance-Learning Delivery Systems for Continuing Pharmaceutical Education.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2005; 69(2): Article 25.
  11. Malone P, Glynn G, Stohs S.  The Development of Structure of a Web-based Entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy Pathway at Creighton University Medical Center, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 2004; 68(2): Article 46.
  12. Ward C, Rey J, Mobley C, Evans C.  Establishing a Distance Learning Site for a Traditional Doctor of Pharmacy Program.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2003; 67(1): Article 20.
  13. Traynor K, Staffing Shortages Plague Nation's Pharmacy Schools.  American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy.  2003; 60: 1822.
  14. Hunter RS, Deziel-Evans, L, March WA.  Assuring Excellence in Distance Pharmaceutical Education.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2003; 67(3): Article 94.
  15. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE).  Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree.  Adopted: January 15, 2006.  Effective: July 1, 2007.
  16. Faulkner TP, Christoff JJ, Sweeney MA, Oliver N.  Pilot Study of a Distance-Learning Methodology Used on Campus for First Professional Degree Pharmacy Students in an Integrated Therapeutics Module.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2005; 69(1): Article 7. Ried LD, McKenzie M.  A Preliminary Report on the Academic Performance of Pharmacy Students in a Distance Education Program.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2004; 68(3): Article 65.
    Breslow RM.  A Comparison of Academic Performance of Off-Campus Nontraditional PharmD Students With Campus-Based PharmD Students.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  2005; 69(1): Article 8.
  17. Pharmacists working more than 1890 hours per year are counted as greater than 1 FTE, while pharmacists working less than 1890 hours per year are counted as a partial FTE.  The total number of FTE pharmacists of a the formula: Total FTEs age = (Total Active Pharmacists age) x (Average annual hours age / 1890)
  18. Data cited in AACP Institutional Research Briefs Vols. 5 & 6, posted on Exit Disclaimer www.aacp.com, accessed March 2007.  Percent of pharmacy programs responding to the survey ranged from 77 percent to 85 percent.
  19. Katherine K. Knapp and James M. Cultice (2007). New pharmacist supply projections: Lower separation rates and increased graduates boost supply estimates.  Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 47(4):463-470.
  20. Annual Pharmacy Staffing Survey Results for 2004, 2005 and 2006.   Exit Disclaimer http://www.ashp.org.  Accessed March 2007.
  21. NACDS Foundation July 2004 Chain Pharmacy Employment Survey Results. Exit Disclaimer  http://www.nacds.org.  Accessed March 2007.
  22. Knapp, DA.  Professionally Determined Need for Pharmacy Services in 2002.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  Vol 66 (Winter 2002): 421-429.
  23. Prescription Drug Trends, June 2006.  Henry J.  Kaiser Family Foundation, publication #3057-05 at Exit Disclaimer www.kff.org, accessed March 2007.
  24. Medco Drug Trend Report, 2006 (volume 8).  Posted at Exit Disclaimer www.drugtrend.com, accessed March 2007.
  25. Posted at Exit Disclaimer http://www.express-scripts.com/ourcompany/news/industryreports/, accessed March 2007.
  26. These findings are based on a poisson regression analysis.  The NAMCS analysis used data from 1995 to 2004, with prescriptions per office visit as the dependent variable and age group, gender, having medical insurance, and year as the explanatory variables.  An analysis of prescriptions per hospital/clinic outpatient and per emergency visit uses a similar approach with data from the 1995 to 2004 NHAMCS.
  27. Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage Enrollment Update, June 2006.  Henry J.  Kaiser Family Foundation, publication No. 7453,  posted at Exit Disclaimer www.kff.org, accessed March 2007.
  28. C. Borger et al, Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes on the Horizon.  Health Affairs 25 (2006): w61-w73 (published online 22 February 2006; 10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61).
  29. Personal communication with John Poisal, Deputy Director, National Health Statistics Group, Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, April 2006.
  30. Analysis of MEPS 2004 data.
  31. 35 percent*r =2 percent, which equates to r = 6 percent
  32. IMS Health press release dated February 22, 2006.
  33. The estimated 6 percent increase in utilization comes primarily from the 10.4 million beneficiaries who enrolled in a stand-alone plan, as these people were less likely to have other coverage prior to part D.  These stand-alone enrollees are about a quarter of the over 65 population, so a 6 percent overall increase would correspond to a 25 percent increase in utilization for the stand-alone enrollees.
  34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Drug Importation.  Report on Prescription Drug Importation.  December 2004. Posted at http://www.hhs.gov/importtaskforce/Report1220.pdf.  Accessed March 2007.  Estimates based on IMS Health data.
  35. IMS Health press release dated February 22, 2006.
  36. Knapp, DA.  Professionally Determined Need for Pharmacy Services in 2002.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  Vol 66 (Winter 2002): 421-429.
  37. Nester TM, Hale LS.  Effectiveness of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in promoting patient safety.  American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy.  2002;59(22):2221-2225.  This study found that pharmacists were more likely to identify non-prescription medications and herbal preparations, discrepancies in previously documented allergy information, and inconsistencies and mistakes in patients' self reported medication histories than other health care professionals.  The authors recommend pharmacists taking medication histories whenever possible.
  38. Mott DA, Doucette WR, Gaither CA, et al. Final Report of the National Sample Survey of the Pharmacist workforce to Determine Contemporary Demographic and Practice Characteristics.  Alexandria, VA: Pharmacy Manpower Project, Inc.; 2005.
  39. Skrepnek GH, Workload and Availability of Technology in Metropolitan Community Pharmacies, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2006; 46(2): 154-160.
  40. The Thompsen Group Inc., Market Survey of Pharmacy Technology and Automation in Retail and Outpatient Pharmacy, published online in Retail Pharmacy Management in November/December 2003.
  41. Pedersen CA, ASHP National Survey of Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings: Dispensing and Administration – 2005, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 2006; 63(4):327-45.
  42. Angelo LB, Impact of Community Pharmacy Automation on Workflow, Workload, and Patient Interaction, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2005; 45:138-144.
  43. Rupp MT. E-Prescribing: The value Proposition. America’s Pharmacist, 2005, 23-25.
  44. NACDS 2005 Chain Pharmacy Industry Profile.  E-prescribing is not addressed in Nebraska’s regulations, and e-prescribing is prohibited in the District of Columbia.
  45. Exit Disclaimer http://www.surescripts.com/pdf/PharmacyROIDocument.pdf.  Accessed March 2007.
  46. 2004 and 2005 Annual Pharmacy Staffing Survey Results.  Available at Exit Disclaimer http://www.ashp.org.  Accessed March 2007.
  47. NACDS Foundation July 2004 Chain Pharmacy Employment Survey Results.  Available at Exit Disclaimer http://www.nacds.org.  Accessed March 2007.
  48. Some economists might argue that a 5 percent vacancy rate does not reflect a shortfall, but rather reflects normal turnover and the normal time lag between when a position becomes available and when it is filled.
  49. Available at Exit Disclaimer http://www.pharmacymanpower.com. Accessed March 2007.
  50. Salary and benefits information obtained from Exit Disclaimer http://www.salary.com.  Accessed March 2007.
  51. Knapp, David A.  Professionally Determined Need for Pharmacy Services in 2002.  American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.  Vol 66 (Winter 2002): 421-429.
  52. DaVanzo J, Dobson A, Koenig L, and Book R.  Medication Therapy Management Services: A Critical Review.  Report prepared by The Lewin Group for the American Pharmacist Association.  May 2005.