References

Advisory Committee on Training in Primary Care Medicine and Dentistry (ACTPCMD).  Comprehensive Review and Recommendations: Title VII, Section 747 of the Public Health Service Act.  Report to the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and Congress, 2001.  Accessed on April 11, 2005 at http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/medicine-dentistry/actpcmd/report2001.htm.

American Association of Dental Schools (AADS), Manpower Committee.  Manpower Project Report No. 2.  Washington, DC: American Association of Dental Schools, 1989.

American Association of Dental Schools (AADS).  Progress towards a mandatory post-graduate year for dentistry. J Dent Educ 1999;63:609-653.

American Dental Association (ADA). Future of Dentistry. Chicago: American Dental Association, Health Policy Resources Center, 2001.

American Dental Association (ADA), Health Policy Resources Center. The Economics of Dental Education. Chicago: American Dental Association, 2004a.

American Dental Association (ADA), Survey Center. 2002-03 Survey of Predoctoral Dental Education: Finances–Volume 5.  Chicago: American Dental Association, 2004b.

American Dental Education Association (ADEA).  Dental Education at a Glance: 2004.  Washington: American Dental Education Association, 2004.

Atchison KA, et al. PGD training and its impact on general dentist practice patterns.  J Dent Educ 2002;66:1348-1357.

Bailit HL, Beazoglou TJ.  State financing of dental education: impact on supply of dentists.  J Dent Educ 2003:67:1278-1285.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).  Guide to Children’s Dental Care in Medicaid.  Baltimore: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2004.  Accessed on April 11, 2005 at http://www.cms.hhs.gov/medicaid/epsdt/dentalguide.pdf.

Formicola AJ et al. A National system to support a mandated PGY-1 year: how to get there from here.  J Dent Educ 1999;63:635-643.

Gies W. Dental education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie

Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1926.

Haden NK et al.  Dental school faculty shortages increase: an update on future dental school faculty.  J Dent Educ 2000;64:657-673.

Haden NK et al.  Improving the oral health status of all Americans: roles and responsibilities of academic dental institutions: the report of the ADEA President's Commission.  J Dent Educ 2003;67:563-583.

Holmes DL.  Using the Medicaid intergovernmental transfer mechanism to support dental education.  National Conference of State Legislatures Conference on State Support for Dental Education: Making It Work to Address Critical Oral Health Workforce Needs; Park City, UT; May 16-17, 2003.

Institute of Medicine (IOM), Committee on the Future of Dental Education.  Dental Education at the Crossroads: Challenges and Change.  Washington: National Academy Press, 1995.

Kennedy JE.  A fifteen-year perspective on dental school faculty.  J Dent Educ 1995;59:1-4.

Kennedy JE.  Building on our accomplishments.  JADA 1999;130:1729-1734.

Kennedy JE, Crall JJ.  A model for dental education in the year 2005.  Forum, 1992;13:S1-S8.

Kennedy JE, Tedesco LA.  The predoctoral curriculum in an era of required postgraduate dental education; or if only it were true.  J Dent Educ 1999;63:648-653.

Leitz S. Financing medical and dental education: Minnesota’s initiatives.  National Conference of State Legislatures Conference on State Support for Dental Education: Making It Work to Address Critical Oral Health Workforce Needs; Park City, UT; May 16-17, 2003.

New York State Dental Association (NYSDA).  Licensure Reform in New York.  Albany: New York State Dental Association, July 26, 2004.  Accessed on April 11, 2005 at http://www.nysdental.org/news/details.cfm?ID=30.

Squire D. Utah medical education council.  National Conference of State Legislatures Conference on State Support for Dental Education: Making It Work to Address Critical Oral Health Workforce Needs; Park City, UT; May 16-17, 2003.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General.  Rockville, MD: United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 2000.

Walton SM et al.  Assessing differences in hours worked between male and female dentists: an analysis of cross-sectional National survey data from 1979 through 1999.  JADA 2004;135:637-644.

[1] Unless otherwise noted, the terms “dental education” or “basic dental education” are used in this report to mean predoctoral dental education – i.e., programs of professional education provided by dental schools, which lead to the awarding of D.D.S. or D.M.D. degrees.

[2] Unless otherwise noted, the terms “dental education” or “basic dental education” are used in this report to mean predoctoral dental education–i.e., programs of professional education, typically 4 years in length, provided by dental schools, which lead to the awarding of D.D.S. or D.M.D. degrees that, in turn, confer eligibility to take State or regional examinations that enable individuals to become licensed to practice dentistry.

[3] Seven dental schools have agreements to accept a limited number of students from 11 States that have no dental schools and many States have dental residency programs for advanced training in dental specialties or general dentistry.

[4] General dentistry is not a recognized dental specialty.

[5] There currently are 125 allopathic medical schools operating in 45 States plus the District of Columbia and 24 osteopathic medical schools operating in 20 States.

[6] DDS Undergraduate Equivalent (DDSE) is a unit of analysis used in reports issued by the American Dental Association as part of its series of surveys on predoctoral dental education.  DDSE is defined as (1.0 x undergraduate DDS enrollment) + (1.7 x advanced specialty enrollment) + (0.5 x allied enrollment) + (1.0 x non-specialty graduate enrollment).  Problems inherent in this unit of analysis, which mixes data from different types of educational programs, are discussed in other sections of this report.

[7] Average total expenditures calculated by multiplying average total expenditures per DDSE (excluding research) by 4 (the typical length of a dental school curriculum). 

[8] Dental schools also receive income from other sources, most notably funds for sponsored research and residency training.  However, because revenues from these sources are used to offset research and residency program costs and cannot be used to offset basic dental education expenses, they are not germane to this report or to predoctoral dental education program financing.

[9] Reference material compiled by NCSL for the HRSA-sponsored National Conference of State Legislatures Conference on State Support for Dental Education: Making It Work to Address Critical Oral Health Workforce Needs.  Park City, Utah: May 16-17, 2003.

[10] These dollars were matched with approximately $9.3 million in Federal Medicaid funds for 1 year only.  A new assessment of private payers was considered, but was rejected because the assessment could not include self-funded plans due to restrictions under the Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), which prevents States from regulating the health plans of large employers that self-insure.

[11] New York is the only other State that supports GME through an all-payer fund.

[12] Although a recent CMS ruling regarding GME funding for dental residencies has introduced caution and some setbacks in existing programs hospital-based dental residency program funding, and appears to favor the creation of new (start-up) programs for hospital-based residencies.